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Museum and library in Manhattan, New York City

Morgan Library & Museum
Morgan Library & Museum, New York 2017 02.jpg

The library's main building

Former name

 Pierpont Morgan Library
Established 1906 (1906) (private library)
March 28, 1924 (1924-03-28) (public institution)
Location 225 Madison Artery (at East 36th Street), Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates 40°44′56″N 73°58′54″W  /  40.74889°Due north 73.98167°W  / 40.74889; -73.98167 Coordinates: 40°44′56″N 73°58′54″Westward  /  xl.74889°N 73.98167°W  / 40.74889; -73.98167
Type museum and library
Collection size 350,000
Visitors 274,000 (financial year 2019)[1]
Founder J. P. Morgan
Director Colin B. Bailey
Architect Charles Follen McKim (master building)
Benjamin Wistar Morris (main building annex)
Isaac Newton Phelps (231 Madison Avenue)
Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle (expansion)
Public transit access Subway: "4" train​"5" train​"6" train "6" express train​"7" train "7" express train​​42nd Street Shuttle at Grand Central–42nd Street
"6" train "6" express train​ at 33rd Street
Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M34 SBS, M34A SBS, M42, Q32
Website themorgan.org

J. Pierpont Morgan Library

U.S. National Annals of Celebrated Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

NYC LandmarkNo. 0239, 1119, 2114
Location 225 Madison Avenue
at Due east 36th Street
Manhattan, New York Urban center
Coordinates 40°44′56″N 73°58′54″W  /  forty.74889°N 73.98167°W  / 40.74889; -73.98167
Built 1900–06[2]
Architect Charles Follen McKim[3]
Architectural style Palladian
NRHP referenceNo. 66000544[2]
NYCLNo. 0239, 1119, 2114
Significant dates
Added to NRHP Nov xiii, 1966[2]
Designated NHL November xiii, 1966[4]
Designated NYCL May 17, 1966 (exterior)
March 23, 1982 (interior)
February 26, 2002 (Phelps Stokes-J. P. Morgan, Jr., Firm)

The Morgan Library & Museum, formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library, is a museum and inquiry library in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Information technology is situated at 225 Madison Avenue, betwixt 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the due north.

The Morgan Library & Museum is composed of several structures. The primary building was designed past Charles McKim of the business firm of McKim, Mead and White, with an annex designed past Benjamin Wistar Morris. A 19th-century Italianate brownstone house at 231 Madison Avenue, built past Isaac Newton Phelps, is also function of the grounds. The museum and library as well contains a glass archway building designed by Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The primary building and its interior is a New York Urban center designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark, while the firm at 231 Madison Avenue is a New York City landmark.

The site was formerly occupied by residences of the Phelps family, one of which banker J. P. Morgan had purchased in 1880. The Morgan Library was founded in 1906 to house Morgan'due south individual library, which included manuscripts and printed books, besides equally his collection of prints and drawings. The chief building was constructed between 1902 and 1906 for $ane.two million. The library was fabricated a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgan'due south son John Pierpont Morgan, Jr., in accord with his father'southward will, and the annex was constructed in 1928. The glass entrance building was added when Morgan Library & Museum was renovated in 2006.

History [edit]

Phelps Stokes/Contrivance houses [edit]

In the second half of the 19th century, the Morgan Library & Museum'due south site was occupied by four brownstone houses on the eastward side of Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The houses were all congenital in 1852 or 1853 by members of the Phelps Stokes/Dodge family.[5] [6] Three houses were built along Madison Avenue on lots measuring 65 feet (20 thou) wide by 157 feet (48 m) deep, while a 4th business firm to the e measured 18 feet (5.v thou) broad and stretched 197.five feet (60.2 m) between 37th and 36th Streets. All the houses were designed in an Italianate style with pinkish brownstone.[six] The Madison Avenue houses, from north to southward, were endemic by Isaac Newton Phelps, William E. Dodge, and John Jay Phelps, while the 37th Street firm was owned by George D. Phelps.[5] [half-dozen] The surrounding neighborhood of Murray Colina was not yet adult at the fourth dimension, merely began to abound subsequently the American Civil War.[7] [eight]

Isaac Newton Phelps's daughter Helen married Anson Phelps Stokes in 1865. Their son, architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the Isaac Newton Phelps house at 231 Madison Avenue two years later. Helen Phelps inherited the business firm following her male parent's decease. In 1888, she doubled the size of her house and added an attic to plans by builder R. H. Robertson.[6]

Morgan estate [edit]

Hartford, Connecticut-born broker John Pierpont Morgan was looking to buy his ain house by 1880. He wished to live in Murray Colina, where many of his and his married woman's friends and business contacts lived.[9] Morgan sought to buy John Jay Phelps'southward business firm at 219 Madison Avenue, at the corner with 36th Street, which was offered for $225,000.[10] [ix] He caused the business firm in 1881 and renovated it over the following two years.[nine] The exterior was largely retained to harmonize with the other houses, owned past the Phelpses and Dodge, only the interior was extensively renovated by the Herter Brothers.[9] [eleven] During this time, Morgan began to amass a large collection of fine art, inspired past that of his father Junius Spencer Morgan. The art was stored in his business firm in England to avoid import taxes. J. P. Morgan likewise began collecting rare books and other bindings upon his nephew Junius'due south suggestion; since books were non subject to import taxes, they were stored in the basement of his New York residence.[12] [xiii] [xiv]

In subsequent years, Morgan became ane of the most influential financiers in the United states of america.[14] [15] [sixteen] J. P. Morgan's collection began to grow quickly after his father died in 1890.[17] [18] While role of Morgan's collection was stored in the basement of his firm, other items were loaned or placed in storage.[19] By 1900, the plots n and east of J. P. Morgan's house became available for auction after the death of Melissa Stokes Contrivance, who lived in the Dodge mansion just northward of Morgan'south house.[xx] Morgan bought a 75-foot-wide (23 m) plot east of his residence in 1900,[21] [22] and, two years later, acquired 2 adjacent lots with a total frontage of l feet (xv m).[21] On the far eastern side of that plot, McKim, Mead & White designed a half dozen-story business firm at 33 East 36th Street for Morgan's daughter Louisa and her husband Herbert Satterlee.[23] [24] [25] [26] The Satterlees' firm was made of limestone, every bit contrasted with the brownstones on Madison Artery. It was connected to Morgan's ain home by tunnels.[27]

Morgan acquired William Due east. Dodge's domicile in April 1903.[28] [29] While the Satterlee house was under structure, the couple moved into the Dodge mansion;[20] later on, it was razed and replaced with a garden designed by Beatrix Farrand.[thirty] By December 1904, Morgan had also purchased the old Isaac Newton Stokes house at 229 Madison Avenue for his son J. P. Morgan Jr., who was known equally "Jack".[31] [32] [33] When Jack Morgan and his wife Jane finally moved into 229 Madison Avenue in 1905, he commissioned a major renovation of the interior and renumbered it as 231 Madison Artery. Jack Morgan also performed $1,900 in changes to the house'due south exterior.[xx] [34] J. P. Morgan's holdings on the urban center block, by 1907, included the whole 197.v-foot (60.2 grand) frontage on Madison Avenue, stretching 300 anxiety (91 m) on 36th Street and 167 feet (51 m) on 37th Street.[21]

Founding of library [edit]

Construction [edit]

The library c.  1910, soon after its completion

Morgan's book collection took up more infinite than could fit in his residence past 1900. On 36th Street, between his residence and the Satterlee house, Morgan initially hired Warren and Wetmore to design a Baroque-mode library.[fourteen] [35] [36] [37] Later rejecting Warren and Wetmore'southward plans, Morgan hired Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to design the library in 1902.[twenty] [25] [38] [37] C. T. Wills was hired as the builder.[39] The library was to be a classical marble structure with a unproblematic pattern; Morgan had told McKim that "I desire a jewel".[26] Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore had then just completed the elaborately decorated New York Yacht Club Edifice, and Morgan'south preference for an austere structure may have led him to decline Warren and Wetmore.[27]

Morgan and McKim planned the library's design for 2 years and, while McKim was responsible for the overall design, Morgan had concluding say over the aspects of the plan. An initial proposal for the design entailed edifice a projecting primal mass with ii recessed wings on either side, which Morgan deemed to be unwieldy. The second version of the plan reduced the size of the key mass and added a recessed entrance. The final designs chosen for the front facades of either wing to be affluent with the cardinal mass.[26] Morgan was insistent that the library be made of marble, even though he was fine with giving brownstone residences to the residuum of his family unit except for his girl Louisa.[27] Structure began in April 1903,[twoscore] and the library was existence dubbed equally "Mr. Morgan's jewel instance" by 1904.[39] Morgan acquired two hundred cases of books, which were temporarily stored in the Lenox Library and moved to Morgan'southward personal library starting in Dec 1905.[41] Effectually the same time, Morgan hired Belle da Costa Greene as his personal librarian.[42] [43]

The Wall Street Journal reported in June 1906, when the library was almost completion, that Morgan had "wanted the well-nigh perfect construction that human hands could erect and was willing to pay whatever it cost".[44] For example, the usage of dry masonry marble blocks, an uncommon structure method in which masonry blocks were shaved precisely to remove the need for joints made of mortar, added $50,000 to the cost of construction.[36] [37] [twoscore] [45] McKim had suggested the dry masonry blocks to Morgan later having unsuccessfully tried to place a knife blade in the joints of Athens's Erechtheion, and he ordered a plaster cast from his former employee Gorham Stevens, who worked in Athens.[forty] [46] Morgan was impressed with the quality of the work, as McKim would remember in a February 1906 letter to his colleague, Stanford White.[47] [48] Even so, Morgan oft upheld the library as an accomplishment of McKim'south.[47] [49] The concluding pattern was more representative of the piece of work of William M. Kendall from McKim, Mead & White.[50]

Opening and early on years [edit]

Morgan began to use his office in November 1906 with a reception for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's purchasing committee. The details were not completed until January 1907, and the Morgan drove was relocated into the library later that year.[xl] Morgan's library had toll $one.2 meg (equivalent to $26.585 million in 2020[a]).[20] [23] [fifty] [51] Several publications praised the completed library.[52] In 1906, the Real Manor Tape and Guide wrote of McKim, Mead & White: "the new Morgan Library, in Thirty-sixth street, is among their near advisedly studied designs."[53] The library building was described in another publication as "ane of the 7 Wonders of the Edwardian World".[54] [55] A correspondent for the London Times, in 1908. characterized John Pierpont Morgan as "probably the greatest collector of things splendid and cute and rare who has e'er lived".[56] During the Panic of 1907, Morgan used his library to convene a coming together among the city'due south major financial figures, with banking company presidents coming together in the east room and trust company presidents in the west room. To find a solution to halt the panic, he locked his guests in the library overnight, and his secretary relayed messages between the ii rooms.[57]

J.P. Morgan'south body existence brought to his home and library after his death in Rome

Morgan continued to collect textile for his private library until his death in March 1913.[42] [58] His manor was valued at $128 million (near $ii.504 billion in 2020[a]), over half of which lay in the worth of his collection.[59] J. P. Morgan's will ancestral the art collection to Jack, with the request that Jack make the collection "permanently available for the teaching and pleasure of the American people".[42] [60] [61] The month after J. P. Morgan'due south death, the New York state legislature granted a two-year exemption enabling Jack to import his male parent'south overseas drove without having to pay import duties.[62] Nonetheless, Jack Morgan sold off much of the overseas collection rather than importing it.[63] During 1914, the drove was displayed in total at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the but time the whole collection was displayed.[42] [64]

The import duty exemption expired in Apr 1915,[65] and Jack sold various items in the collection to pay the inheritance taxes and to raise money for the cash bequests in his father'south will.[42] The taxes were substantial, totaling $7.v million in 1916.[66] Frances Morgan, Jack's female parent and John Pierpont'south widow, continued to live at J. P. Morgan'southward old residence until her death in November 1924.[42]

Public institution and expansion [edit]

Incorporation and mid-20th century [edit]

Jack and Jane Morgan continued to apply da Costa Greene as the librarian, expanding the drove with items in which they were personally interested.[42] [67] [68] In March 1924, the Pierpont Morgan Library was incorporated as a public institution.[69] [seventy] The Morgans transferred the library's building, and the country under J. P. and Frances Morgan's one-time residence at 219 Madison Avenue, to the Pierpont Morgan Library.[42] The motion came equally, despite Jack's opposition, the surrounding stretch of Madison Avenue was being redeveloped every bit a business street.[71] [72] By 1927, the library was planning to double its expanse; the former J. P. Morgan residence was being demolished to make fashion for the addendum.[72] [73] The plans called for an expanded two-story Italianate style structure designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris, with space for offices, exhibitions, and a inquiry library.[72] [74] The annex, fabricated of the aforementioned Tennessee marble as the original, was completed in 1928.[57] [54] [75] [76] While architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the addition "did not frame McKim's jewel box so much as sidle up to information technology like an unattractive sibling",[72] Norval White and Elliot Willensky idea the annex "modestly defers to its master".[3]

Jack Morgan continued to alive at 231 Madison Avenue until his death in 1943; his wife had died in 1925.[77] Subsequently, the United Lutheran Church in America bought that house for its headquarters,[78] and built a five-story annex in 1957.[42] [79] Next door, the Pierpont Morgan Library connected to expand its collections.[eighty] The Fellows of The Pierpont Morgan Library was formed in 1949 to raise funds for the collections and distribute funds to scholars and publications.[81] In the following decade, the Pierpont Morgan Library started to host concerts and tours.[68] In 1960, the main library and its addendum were continued by a cloister structure. The renovation, designed by J. P. Morgan's nephew Alexander P. Morgan,[57] was completed in 1962 and included role space, a gallery, and meeting space.[81] [54] [fourscore]

The Phelps Stokes/Morgan house was designated past the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965 every bit one of the outset structures to be protected nether New York City's Landmarks Police force.[42] Next door, the LPC designated the exterior of the library's main building every bit a city landmark in 1966,[23] and that structure was alleged a National Celebrated Landmark the same year.[iv] [82] [83] Still, the Lutheran Church had hoped to erect an role structure on the site of the Phelps Stokes/Morgan business firm[84] and heavily opposed the business firm'southward designation. Equally a consequence, in 1974, the landmark condition was removed from that house following a New York Court of Appeals ruling.[42] [85] The Pierpont Morgan Library synthetic a v-story, 26-by-thirty-foot (7.9 by ix.one k) addition to the annex in 1975 to plans by Platt, Wyckoff & Coles; the addition was intended to firm storage vaults and offices.[86] In 1982, the principal library building's interior was designated a city landmark.[87]

Late 20th century to present [edit]

In 1988, the Pierpont Morgan Library bought 231 Madison Artery from the Lutheran Church.[88] The garden betwixt the house and the principal building's annex was redeveloped with a glass conservatory designed past Voorsanger and Mills. The conservatory, the first major expansion to the Pierpont Morgan Library since the completion of Morris's annex, was finished in 1991 and connected the two structures.[42] [89] [90] The firm became the Pierpont Morgan Library's bookstore.[v] In 1999, the Morgan opened a drawing center on the 2nd flooring of the annex, designed past Beyer Blinder Belle.[80] [91] The same yr, the Morgan received $10 one thousand thousand from Eugene V. Thaw and Clare E. Thaw;[92] these funds were used to plant the Thaw Conservation Center in 2002.[93]

By 2001, there were plans to expand the Pierpont Morgan Library.[5] The library presented preliminary plans to the LPC in 2002, in which it would build a new structure between 231 Madison Avenue and the original library's annex, to be designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The commission as well sought to restore landmark status to 231 Madison Artery, a move the library did not oppose.[94] In 2003, the Pierpont Morgan Library'southward buildings were closed for construction and expansion.[95] [96] In the interim, it sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country. The library reopened on April 29, 2006, as the Morgan Library & Museum. With the completion of the renovation, the private office and vault of J. P. Morgan was besides opened to the public.[97] A restoration of the principal edifice'southward interior spaces was completed in 2010.[98] [99] [100] The Morgan Library & Museum announced a four-year restoration of the main edifice'southward facade in Feb 2019, the commencement in the building's history.[101] [102]

Drove [edit]

Manuscripts [edit]

One of the illuminated manuscripts

The near internationally significant part of the Morgan Library and Museum's drove is its relatively minor but very select drove of illuminated manuscripts. Among the more famous manuscripts are the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier.[103] The Morgan holds a copy of the letter of the alphabet written by Andrea Corsali from India in 1516; this letter, ane of five in existence, contains the first description of the Southern Cantankerous.[104]

The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, including some by Sir Walter Scott[105] and Honoré de Balzac.[69] Other objects include a Percy Bysshe Shelley notebook; writings from Émile Zola; originals of poems by Robert Burns;[69] a unique Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol with handwritten edits and markup from the author;[68] [106] and a journal past Henry David Thoreau.[107] [108] There are also writings from George Sand, William Makepeace Thackeray, Lord Byron, and Charlotte Brontë, as well as manuscripts of nine of Sir Walter Scott'south novels, including Ivanhoe.[69]

The Morgan'south musical manuscript collection is second in size only backside the Library of Congress.[68] These include autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Mahler and Verdi, and Mozart's Haffner Symphony in D Major.[69] The drove also contains the scraps of newspaper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin' in the Air current" and "It Ain't Me Babe".[109] [110] It also contains a considerable collection of Victoriana, including one of the about of import collections of Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.[111]

Books and prints [edit]

The Morgan contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings of European artists, namely Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens, Gainsborough, Dürer, and Picasso. The collection includes early printed Bibles, among them 3 Gutenberg Bibles.[68] There are besides many examples of fine bookbinding in the collection.[112] Felice Stampfle was appointed the first Curator of Drawings and Prints at the Morgan Library in 1945.[113] [114]

A glass case holds an open book in a library

A Gutenberg Bible on display at the Morgan Library

The Morgan too contains material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects (including Coptic literature examples);[115] William Blake'south original drawings for his edition of the Volume of Chore; and concept drawings for The Little Prince past Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.[69] The Morgan has one of the earth's greatest collections of aboriginal Near Eastern cylinder seals, small-scale stone cylinders finely engraved with images for transfer to clay by rolling.[116]

Artwork and other collections [edit]

The collection nevertheless includes some Old Primary paintings collected past Morgan betwixt 1907 and 1911 (works by Hans Memling, Perugino, and Cima da Conegliano). However, this has never been the collection's focus, and Ghirlandaio's masterpiece Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni was sold to Thyssen when the Nifty Depression worsened the Morgan family unit's finances.[117] The Morgan too holds medieval artworks such equally the Stavelot Triptych[118] [119] [120] and the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels.[121] [122]

Other notable artists of the Morgan Library and Museum are Jean de Brunhoff, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, John Leech, Gaston Phoebus, Rembrandt van Rijn, and John Ruskin.[123] In 2018, the Morgan caused the drawing Bathers past Renoir, a previously unexhibited work.[124]

Architecture [edit]

Primary building [edit]

The main building (too known equally the McKim Building), constructed between 1902 and 1906 every bit the original structure in the complex, was designed in the Classical Revival style past Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White.[23] [three] [25] The original edifice occupies a lot of 117 by 50 anxiety (36 by fifteen m),[44] and was intended to exist similarly scaled to New York Public Library branches of the era.[25] The 1928 annex to the edifice, designed past Benjamin Wistar Morris to harmonize with McKim's original, contains architectural particular differing from that of the original structure.[23] [72] [3] The addendum measures 90.67 by sixty.5 feet (28 by 18 m),[74] with a afterwards 26-past-xxx-foot (seven.9 past 9.1 m) addition.[86]

Facade [edit]

The building has a facade of Tennessee marble. McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia, particularly the attic of its Nymphaeum.[26] [36] [37] [125] Farther inspiration came from the Villa Medici in Rome, constructed in the 16th century by Annibale Lippi.[25] [37] [125] [126] The exterior walls are made of dry masonry, which allowed the marble blocks to exist set evenly, thus requiring a minimal amount of mortar.[44] [3] [127] [125] Tinfoil sheeting was placed betwixt the blocks to prevent moisture buildup.[xl] [44] The tinfoil sheeting measures 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) thick and is laid betwixt the horizontal joints.[40] Charles T. Wills was responsible for the dry masonry structure.[57] The Wall Street Journal reported upon the library's completion, "No other building in Europe or America was ever erected with this intendance."[44]

The main entrance is a Palladian arch at the center of the 36th Street facade. It is equanimous of an arched opening 14 anxiety (iv.3 m) wide, flanked by two openings under flat lintels, each of which is 9 anxiety (2.seven 1000) wide.[128] The fundamental archway contains a portico with a groin vaulted ceiling,[127] supported by four Ionic columns, two on each side.[125] A flight of steps, leading to the primary entrance, is flanked past two lionesses sculpted past Edward Clark Potter, who would later create the 2 lions that guard the New York Public Library Main Branch.[23] [51] [54] [129] [52] Above the entranceway are allegorical roundels and panels, which was originally given to Andrew O'Connor[52] [130] and then reassigned to Adolph Weinman after O'Connor could not consummate his contract.[23] [129] These panels depict tragic and lyric poetry.[130] The portico has a geometric mosaic tile floor with marble.[52] Within the portico is a pair of bronze doors, imported from Florence and made in the mode of Lorenzo Ghiberti's doors at the Florence Baptistery.[54] [127] [131] Each door contains 5 carved bronze panels, which depict allegorical scenes.[131] The 36th Street facade contains six Doric style pilasters flanking the primary entrance.[54] [125] [127] At that place are two recessed niches on that facade, one on each side of the entrance.[36]

Interior [edit]

Library (east) room

Rotunda (centre) room

Study (due west) room

The interior of the main library building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda. Information technology leads to iii public rooms: Morgan'south private study to the w, the librarian's office to the due north, and the original library to the east.[25] [51] The rotunda has a ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by Raphael, created past H. Siddons Mowbray.[23] [54] [130] This ceiling contains themed murals in the lunette panels, which allude to material in Morgan's collection, every bit well equally a central dome, which contains roundels and rectangular panels with diverse figures or motifs.[132] [133] [134] The rotunda floors are clad with multicolored marble, the design of which is based on the floor of the Villa Pia in State of the vatican city.[130] [135] The walls incorporate mosaic baseboards and are separated into panels with vertical pilasters, topped by Composite manner pilasters. The doorways to the rooms on the eastward and west are fabricated of white marble, topped by marble entablatures and flanked by green marble columns.[135]

The interior was designed with 2 rooms for exhibition.[44] The E Library features triple-tiered bookcases, the upper tiers of which could only be accessed by balconies.[23] [54] [132] On the east wall of the East Library is a fireplace with a tapestry showing the "Triumph of Avarice".[40] [132] [136] The fireplace itself had been imported from Italy.[137] Mowbray designed 18 lunettes and spandrels atop each wall, modeled after the work of Pinturicchio.[137] The figures in the lunettes alternating between emblematic female muses and notable artists, explorers, or teachers.[54] [132] [138] Zodiac symbols are placed on the spandrels, as the signs of the zodiac were peculiarly of import to J. P. Morgan.[35] [138] [139] Especially prominent are the zodiac signs over the entrance: Aries corresponds to J. P. Morgan's birth on April 17, 1837, and Gemini corresponds to his marriage to Frances Louisa Tracy on May 31, 1865. Two additional spandrels contain allegorical motifs that depict changing seasons.[138] [139] The East Library had 3 levels of shelves and is the largest room in the main library wing.[40]

Morgan'south written report, now the West Library, was described by historian Wayne Andrews as "1 of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration".[47] [136] The design of the study reflected Morgan's tastes; as his son-in-law Herbert Satterlee said, "No one could really know Mr. Morgan at all unless he had seen him in the Due west Room."[59] [140] The West Library contains low wooden bookshelves also as a fireplace with a marble mantelpiece.[47] [140] [141] The decorative elements include stained glass panels in the report's windows, as well as a wall covering of cerise damask.[40] [47] [140] [142] The current damask covering, a replica by Scalamandré, is a copy of a pattern that was displayed at Rome'south Chigi Palace.[47] [140] The coffered ceiling was reportedly purchased in Italian key's palace.[40] [76] The artist James Wall Finn painted coats-of-arms onto the ceiling based on Italian bookplates from Morgan's collection.[47] [140] [76] Finn's work was designed in such an accurate fashion that it was ofttimes mistaken as part of the ceiling's original design.[76]

231 Madison Artery [edit]

Too part of the library grounds is 231 Madison Avenue, an Italianate brownstone house on the southeast corner of Madison Artery and East 37th Street, which was the dwelling of Isaac Newton Phelps and later J. P. "Jack" Morgan Jr.[5] The firm contains the Morgan Shop on its northern side, facing 37th Street, and the Morgan Dining Room on its southern side.[143] The business firm is set backside a barricade composed of a wrought-atomic number 26 debate atop a brownstone ledge. The house was originally three stories tall and faced with pink stone, but after R. H. Robertson's renovation of 1888, became four stories tall with a raised basement. An function annex to the e, built in 1957, was originally faced with brick.[144] Before the Morgan acquired information technology in 1988, information technology was a headquarters of the Lutheran Church.[79]

The Madison Avenue facade consists of three vertical trophy. An entrance stoop with a balustrade is on the Madison Avenue side of the structure, extending to a portico in the central bay, which is supported by a pair of Corinthian columns. On either side of the entrance doorway are rectangular sash windows, containing big sills with wrought-iron balustrades. The second and tertiary stories each accept three rectangular, multi-pane windows with sills atop panel brackets. A cornice runs above the 3rd story. The attic contains small Ionic colonettes, as well as rounded pediments atop 2 of the bays.[144]

Along 37th Street, the water table containing the raised basement is topped by a molding. The original 1853 firm to the west and the 1888 extension to the east are divided past a pier virtually halfway through the length of the facade, which spans the first through tertiary stories. The original department of the firm is three bays wide and contains window articulation like to that of the Madison Avenue facade. On the offset floor, the second opening from w has a balcony with an iron balustrade and a pediment supported by Corinthian columns. On the original second floor, the second bay from west is flanked by oval windows on either side, while the third bay from west is an oriel window. Inside the 1888 extension, the beginning flooring contains a projecting three-sided bay supported by pilasters and flanked by carved panels, as well as a blind arch opening to the east. The second floor of the extension contains paired window openings flanking a smaller triple window, while the third flooring contains paired windows on either side of an oval window. The cornice above the third floor, also equally the attic, in both the original house and its extension is like to that on Madison Avenue.[144]

The southern facade of the business firm faces the rest of the library and is more often than not obscured behind the 2006 add-on. The westernmost portion of that facade, near Madison Avenue, contains rounded beginning- and second-story windows. There are likewise three-sided angled windows at the center of that facade.[145]

Archway building [edit]

The near contempo add-on to the library, completed in 2006, is a 4-story, steel-and-glass entrance building designed past Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle.[23] The archway building expanded the Morgan Library'south expanse by 75,000 foursquare feet (7,000 m2).[146] [97] [147] The structure links McKim's library building, the annex, and the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[97] [147] At that place are four galleries in this section of the museum: the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery, the Morgan Stanley Galleries W and East, and the Engelhard Gallery.[143] The steel structural members are covered in rose-tinted pigment every bit an allusion to the designs of master library and Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[147] Although externally "bland", the building helps to organize the interior spaces of the circuitous.[three]

The entrance building contains the JPMorgan Chase Lobby just inside the main entrance. On the lobby's north wall, stairs lead upwardly to the Morgan Shop and Morgan Dining Room, and in that location is an admission counter and glaze room. The s wall has a corridor to the Marble Hall and the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and Due east, as well as stairs to the Engelhard Gallery on the second flooring. The east wall of the vestibule has a stair to the lower level as well as elevators to both the Engelhard Gallery and the second level.[143]

Gilbert Courtroom, a covered courtyard at the heart of the complex,[148] [149] surrounds the archway building on the north, eastward, and southward.[143] On the south wall of the court is the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery,[143] a 20-by-twenty-past-xx-foot (6.1 m × 6.1 m × 6.1 chiliad) space inspired past Renaissance chambers that Piano observed in Italia.[147] [146] The facades of the new in a higher place-basis buildings contain pinkish steel-and-glass curtain walls, which were intended to think the design of the earlier buildings.[146] At the court'south southeast corner, stairs atomic number 82 up to the original Morgan Library edifice, connecting to a entrance hall betwixt Morgan'southward study (the West Library) and the rotunda.[143] The building contains an auditorium about 65 feet (20 m) below street level, with 260[146] or 280 seats.[150] New storage rooms were also created by drilling into Manhattan'south boulder schist.[146] [150]

Management [edit]

The scope of the drove was initially curated by Belle da Costa Greene, who had been J. P. Morgan's personal librarian when the private library had been founded in 1905. When the Pierpont Morgan Library became a public institution, she became the library's outset director until her retirement in 1948.[151] The library's 2nd director, Frederick Baldwin Adams Jr., served until 1969, when he was succeeded past Charles Ryskamp.[152] Ryskamp, the third director, resigned in 1987 and was replaced by Charles Eliot Pierce Jr.[153]

Pierce served as the fourth director of the Pierpont Morgan Library until 2008, when he announced his intention to retire.[154] The library's fifth managing director, William Yard. Griswold, served betwixt 2008 and 2015, during which he oversaw the growth of its collections, exhibition programs, and curatorial departments.[155] In 2015, the Morgan named Colin Bailey as its sixth director.[156]

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2022). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved February 12, 2022. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library". GuideStar. Retrieved Jan iii, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "National Register Information Organization". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot & Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Printing. p. 281. ISBN978-0-19538-386-seven.
  4. ^ a b "J. Pierpont Morgan Library". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Streetscapes/Morgan Library'southward Bookstore at 37th Street and Madison Avenue; A Brownstone Holdout Amid the Skyscrapers". The New York Times. August 26, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January i, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2.
  7. ^ Strouse 1999, p. 74.
  8. ^ Landmarks Preservation Committee 2002, pp. 2–3.
  9. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 3.
  10. ^ Strouse 1999, p. 195.
  11. ^ Strouse 1999, pp. 226–229.
  12. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 3–iv.
  13. ^ Strouse 1999, pp. 11–21.
  14. ^ a b c Roth 1983, p. 288.
  15. ^ National Park Service 1966, p. v.
  16. ^ Wilson 1983, pp. 218–219.
  17. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. ii.
  18. ^ Adams 1974, p. 7
  19. ^ Landmarks Preservation Committee 1982, pp. ii–3.
  20. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. four.
  21. ^ a b c "J.P. Morgan'due south Plans for Beautified Home; Individual Park Will Take the Identify of the Quondam Buildings Adjoining financier's Residence and Art Museum. Preservation of Murray Hill Section of Madison Avenue Assured past Elaborate Scheme Proposed". The New York Times. June 16, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan ane, 2021.
  22. ^ "Clubs on Upper fifth Avenue—Historical Interest of A Coming Sale". The Real Manor Tape: Real Manor Record and Builders' Guide. 65 (1661): 45. January 13, 1900 – via columbia.edu.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew South.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 98. ISBN978-0-470-28963-1.
  24. ^ "Status of New Work". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 74 (1908): 725. October eight, 1904 – via columbia.edu.
  25. ^ a b c d east f Stern, Robert A. One thousand.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Compages and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 102–103. ISBN0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
  26. ^ a b c d Roth 1983, p. 289.
  27. ^ a b c Roth 1983, p. 409.
  28. ^ "Mr. Morgan'south Purchase of Contrivance House". The New York Times. April 29, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan one, 2021.
  29. ^ "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Real Estate Tape: Real Manor Record and Builders' Guide. 71 (1830): 704. Apr 11, 1903 – via columbia.edu.
  30. ^ Brown, Jane (1995). Beatrix : the gardening life of Beatrix Jones Farrand, 1872-1959 (1st ed.). New York, NY: Viking. pp. 204–216. ISBN0-670-83217-0.
  31. ^ Strouse 1999, p. 493.
  32. ^ Stokes, Anson Phelps (1915). Stokes Records (Vol. 3 ed.). Privately. p. thirteen.
  33. ^ Forbes, John (1981). J.P. Morgan, Jr., 1867-1943. Charlottesville: Academy Press of Virginia. pp. 30–31, 54–55. ISBN978-0-8139-0889-2. OCLC 7274491.
  34. ^ "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Existent Estate Record: Real Estate Tape and Builders' Guide. 75 (1939): 1104. May 13, 1905 – via columbia.edu.
  35. ^ a b Goldberger, Paul (December thirty, 1981). "Morgan Library Show Traces 75-year History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  36. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 3.
  37. ^ a b c d e Wilson 1983, p. 219.
  38. ^ Roth 1983, pp. 288–289.
  39. ^ a b "Of Interest to the Building Trades". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 74 (1908): 729. October eight, 1904 – via columbia.edu.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Roth 1983, p. 291.
  41. ^ "Assembling Morgan's Books; Volumes in Big Private Library to Exist Together by Jan. 1" (PDF). The New York Times. Dec 21, 1905. p. 9. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  42. ^ a b c d e f thou h i j k l Landmarks Preservation Committee 2002, p. 5.
  43. ^ Ardizzone 2007, p. 76.
  44. ^ a b c d east f "J. Pierpont Morgan's New Library". Wall Street Journal. June 23, 1906. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com open access .
  45. ^ Andrews 1957, pp. four–five.
  46. ^ Wilson 1983, pp. 219–221.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Committee 1982, p. six.
  48. ^ Andrews 1957, p. 1.
  49. ^ Andrews 1957, p. 12.
  50. ^ a b Wilson 1983, p. 218.
  51. ^ a b c Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Printing, pp. 197–198, ISBN141658997X
  52. ^ a b c d Roth 1983, p. 292.
  53. ^ "Mr. Stanford White". The Existent Estate Record: Existent Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 77 (1998): 1234. June 30, 1906 – via columbia.edu.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
  55. ^ Taylor, Francis Henry (1957). Pierpont Morgan as collector and patron, 1837-1913. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. p. 37.
  56. ^ "Mr. Morgan'south Great Library; Starting time Authorized Description of Ane of the Chief Treasure Houses of the World" (PDF). The New York Times. December 4, 1908. pp. 1, two. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  57. ^ a b c d Roth 1983, p. 410.
  58. ^ Strouse 1999, p. 26.
  59. ^ a b "Object Lessons: A Stroll Through Firm of Morgan". Wall Street Journal. March 5, 1999. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  60. ^ Strouse 1999, pp. 684–688.
  61. ^ "$iii,000,000 to Each Child and $i,000,000 To Mrs. Morgan" (PDF). The New York Times. April twenty, 1913. pp. ane–3. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan ii, 2021.
  62. ^ "Carries Out Wishes of the Elder Morgan; His Will Suggested a Public Gift—No Reward Taken of the Revenue enhancement Exemption Law. Grew Impatient at Delay. Breaks in the Collection" (PDF). The New York Times. December 18, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  63. ^ "Morgan Will Proceed His Library Intact; Appraisal of 30,000 Volumes Is Now Beingness Made for the Inheritance Tax" (PDF). The New York Times. April 2, 1915. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  64. ^ "Art at Home and Abroad; Enamels in Morgan Collection on Exhibition at Metropolitan Museum Not Only Priceless Works of Art, merely Extremely Valuable as Human being Documents" (PDF). The New York Times. February 22, 1914. p. M11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January ii, 2021.
  65. ^ "Morgan Art Tax Must Be Levied; Controller Travis Announces the State Will Collect on Objects Worth Many Millions". The New York Times. April 1, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  66. ^ "J.P. Morgan Library Taxed at $7,500,000; State Transfer Appraisement Puts Books at $five,000,000 and Other Objects at $ii,500,000". The New York Times. March xix, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  67. ^ Ardizzone 2007, p. 309.
  68. ^ a b c d due east Wiegand, W.A.; Davis, D.G. (1994). Encyclopedia of Library History. Garland reference library of social science. Garland Pub. p. 499. ISBN978-0-8240-5787-9.
  69. ^ a b c d east f Stam, D.H. (2001). International Dictionary of Library Histories. Taylor & Francis. p. 637. ISBN978-1-136-77785-1 . Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  70. ^ "Morgan Library Neb a Law; Senate Committee Reports in Favor of Phone Rate Inquiry" (PDF). The New York Times. March 28, 1924. p. 16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  71. ^ "J.P. Morgan Loses Long Zoning Fight; City Plan Committee Votes to Open Madison Avenue to Merchandise Near His Home" (PDF). The New York Times. April 27, 1926. p. ane. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  72. ^ a b c d east Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. p. 137. ISBN978-0-8478-3096-i. OCLC 13860977.
  73. ^ "To Wreck Home of Belatedly J. Pierpont Morgan And Double the Size of Morgan Library". The New York Times. January seven, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January two, 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Outlines Annex to Morgan Library; Plan Calls for a Ii-story Construction on Site of Late Financier's Home". The New York Times. Jan 30, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan two, 2021.
  75. ^ Strouse 1999, p. 689.
  76. ^ a b c d Wilson 1983, p. 223.
  77. ^ "J.P. Morgan Dies, Victim of Stroke at Florida Resort; Financier, 75, Had a Recurrence of Middle Ailment on Vacation Trip ii Weeks Ago" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1943. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January two, 2021.
  78. ^ "Morgan Deal Completed; Lutherans Sign Contract for Purchase of Madison Ave. Habitation" (PDF). The New York Times. September xi, 1943. p. B24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  79. ^ a b "The Morgan House". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  80. ^ a b c "Timeline". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  81. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. seven.
  82. ^ Greenwood, Richard (July 18, 1975). ""The Pierpont Morgan Library", National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service.
  83. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service. July 18, 1975.
  84. ^ Farrell, William E. (June 3, 1965). "Morgan Mansion Reported in Peril; Rezoning Plan for Madison Artery Termed a Step Toward Demolition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January ii, 2021.
  85. ^ Goldberger, Paul (July xvi, 1974). "Morgan Mansion Loses Status as City Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  86. ^ a b Horsley, Carter B. (July 9, 1975). "Morgan Library Starts New Wing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  87. ^ "City Landmarks Panel Adds 6 Sites to Its Ringlet". The New York Times. March 24, 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  88. ^ Russell, John (Apr 20, 1988). "Morgan Library, in an Expansion, Is Buying a Neighboring Mansion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January ii, 2021.
  89. ^ Goldberger, Paul (November 3, 1991). "Architecture View; J. P. Morgan Jr.'s Firm Is Back". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
  90. ^ "Architectural History". The Morgan Library & Museum. March xiii, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  91. ^ "Arts Notes". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Baronial 22, 1999. p. fourscore. Retrieved January ii, 2021 – via newspapers.com open access .
  92. ^ Vogel, Carol (June 29, 1999). "A $10 Meg Gift for Conservation at the Morgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  93. ^ "Thaw Conservation Center". The Morgan Library & Museum. July xxx, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  94. ^ Dunlap, David Due west. (January xxx, 2002). "A Plan Unfolds for a $75 One thousand thousand Morgan Makeover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  95. ^ Vogel, Carol (April 26, 2005). "Morgan Library Plans a Makeover and an Image Upgrade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan ii, 2021.
  96. ^ "A mirror up to nature". New York Daily News. February fourteen, 2003. p. 61. Retrieved Jan 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com open access .
  97. ^ a b c Vogel, Carol (April xx, 2006). "Morgan Library to Reopen With an Expanded Await, Proper name and Mission". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January one, 2021.
  98. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (September thirty, 2010). "Morgan Library Building to Reopen Next Month". ArtsBeat . Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  99. ^ Simon, Walker (October 25, 2010). "Morgan Library facelift brings treasures to calorie-free". U.Due south . Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  100. ^ Akers, W.1000. (September eight, 2010). "Farthermost Makeover: Morgan Library Edition". Observer . Retrieved Jan two, 2021.
  101. ^ Messman, Lauren (February 14, 2019). "Morgan Library & Museum Announces $12.5 One thousand thousand Exterior Renovation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January two, 2021.
  102. ^ Fazzare, Elizabeth (Feb 15, 2019). "Morgan Library to Undergo First Exterior Renovation in 112 Years". Architectural Assimilate . Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  103. ^ "Medieval & Renaissance Manuscripts". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  104. ^ "Contemporary manuscript re-create of his letter : Cochin, to Giuliano de'Medici, 1515 Jan. 6".
  105. ^ "Last Years of a Full Life: Sir Walter Scott". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 27, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  106. ^ "Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol". The Morgan Library & Museum. September 17, 2013. Retrieved January iii, 2021.
  107. ^ "This Ever New Self: Thoreau and His Periodical". The Morgan Library & Museum. February fifteen, 2017. Retrieved January three, 2021.
  108. ^ Times, The New York (October three, 1956). "'Missing' Thoreau Journal Shown At Exhibition in Morgan Library; Journals of Henry David Thoreau Are Reunited at the Pierpont Morgan Library Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January iii, 2021.
  109. ^ Sisario, Ben (March 2, 2016). "Bob Dylan's Surreptitious Annal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  110. ^ "Bob Dylan's American Journey, 1956–1966". The Morgan Library & Museum. August 19, 2013. Retrieved January two, 2021.
  111. ^ Wilson, Frederic Woodbridge. The Gilbert and Sullivan Collection Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at The Morgan Library website, accessed May v, 2010
  112. ^ "Printed Books & Bindings". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
  113. ^ Smith, Roberta (January half-dozen, 2001). "Felice Stampfle, 88, Curator Of Prints at the Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April three, 2021.
  114. ^ "The Indomitable Felice Stampfle, the Morgan'due south Starting time Curator of Drawings and Prints". The Morgan Library & Museum. June 29, 2020. Retrieved Apr 3, 2021.
  115. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Coptic Literature". Newadvent.org. March 1, 1914. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  116. ^ "Aboriginal Western Asian Seals & Tablets". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 30, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  117. ^ Kandell, Jonathan. "Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza, Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection, Dies at 81," New York Times, Apr 28, 2002.
  118. ^ "Stavelot Triptych". The Morgan Library & Museum. July 27, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  119. ^ Stracke, Dick (October half-dozen, 2008). "The Stavelot Reliquary". aug.edu. Archived from the original on Oct half-dozen, 2008. Retrieved January three, 2021.
  120. ^ Baert, Barbara (2004). A heritage of holy wood : the legend of the true Cross in text and image. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 94. ISBN978-xc-04-13944-ii. OCLC 191935466.
  121. ^ "Lindau Gospels". The Morgan Library & Museum. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  122. ^ "Cover of the Lindau Gospels Crucificion and Mourning Figures · Medieval East Crucifixion Depictions · Medieval Art". PROJECTS. September nineteen, 2017. Retrieved January iii, 2021.
  123. ^ "The Morgan Library & Museum: About". ARTINFO. 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008. [ permanent expressionless link ]
  124. ^ "Acquisitions of the month: November 2018". Apollo Magazine.
  125. ^ a b c d e "The Building". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 13, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  126. ^ Fischer, Heinz D. (2017). American History Awards 1917–1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movements. De Gruyter. p. 157. ISBN978-3-11-097214-6 . Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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  128. ^ Pencil Points. Reinhold. 1922. p. 33. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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  133. ^ Andrews 1957, p. 7.
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  141. ^ Adams 1974, p. xix
  142. ^ Wilson 1983, pp. 222–223.
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  145. ^ Landmarks Preservation Committee 2002, pp. 6–vii.
  146. ^ a b c d due east Bendov, Pavel (2017). New Compages New York. New York, NY: Prestel Publishing. p. twoscore. ISBN978-three-7913-8368-2. OCLC 976405424.
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  148. ^ "Gilbert Courtroom". The Morgan Library & Museum. March eighteen, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
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  150. ^ a b Vogel, Ballad (Apr 28, 2005). "A better expect at the Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January ane, 2021.
  151. ^ "Miss Greene Retiring as Morgan Librarian" (PDF). The New York Times. October 22, 1948. p. 23. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  152. ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library Appoints a New Director" (PDF). The New York Times. December ane, 1969. p. fifteen. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  153. ^ McGill, Douglas C. (May 27, 1987). "Morgan Library Names Scholar Its New Manager". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January two, 2021.
  154. ^ Vogel, Carol (May 24, 2007). "Morgan Library Chooses Familiar Face for Its Next Chief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January ii, 2021.
  155. ^ Vogel, Ballad (May 20, 2014). "Cleveland Hires Leader of Morgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  156. ^ Pobric, Pac (April 18, 2015). "Colin Bailey named head of the Morgan Library and Museum". The Art Paper. Archived from the original on Apr 18, 2015. Retrieved January ii, 2021.

Sources [edit]

  • Adams, Frederick B., Jr. (1974). An introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library.
  • Andrews, Wayne (1957). Mr. Morgan and His Architect. Pierpont Morgan Library.
  • Ardizzone, Heidi (2007). An Illuminated Life: Belle Da Costa Greene'due south Journey from Prejudice to Privilege. West. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-05104-9.
  • "J. Pierpont Morgan Library". National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 13, 1966.
  • "Phelps Stokes -J.P. Morgan, Jr. House" (PDF). New York Metropolis Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 26, 2002.
  • "Pierpont Morgan Library, First Floor" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 23, 1982.
  • Roth, Leland (1983). McKim, Mead & White, Architects. Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-430136-7. OCLC 9325269.
  • Strouse, Jean (1999). Morgan: American financier (1st ed.). New York: Perennial. ISBN0-06-095589-9. OCLC 43050112.
  • Wilson, Richard Guy (1983). McKim, Mead & White, architects. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN978-0-8478-0491-7. OCLC 9413129.

External links [edit]

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